{"id":941,"date":"2022-04-29T03:21:40","date_gmt":"2022-04-29T03:21:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/scholarblogs.emory.edu\/historyofskiing\/?p=941"},"modified":"2022-04-29T03:29:30","modified_gmt":"2022-04-29T03:29:30","slug":"transforming-the-olympic-games-the-increased-inclusion-of-transgender-athletes-from-2003-through-the-present","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scholarblogs.emory.edu\/historyofskiing\/2022\/04\/29\/transforming-the-olympic-games-the-increased-inclusion-of-transgender-athletes-from-2003-through-the-present\/","title":{"rendered":"TRANSforming The Olympic Games: The Increased Inclusion of Transgender Athletes From 2003 Through the Present"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Transgender Flag, Sharon McCutcheon, Unsplash, Public Domain<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Despite the increasing belief of transgender athlete domination in sports, the two most recent Olympic games, the 2020 Summer Olympic Games and the 2022 Winter Olympic Games, were the first to have openly transgender athletes compete. Even with this being a recent development, the Olympics have allowed transgender athletes to compete since the early 2000s, as long as certain criteria were met. These criteria have changed over the years since their implementation in 2003 due to the increasing activism of both transgender individuals as well as LGBT activists. These changes in criteria have allowed the Olympics to be more welcoming to not only transgender athletes but all athletes who fall outside of the boxes that the early criteria created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The International Olympic Committee (hereafter referred to as the IOC) first began using gender verification tests in 1968 to help prevent men from competing as women. In her book Gender Verification and The Making of The Female Body In Sport: A History of The Present<\/em>, Sonja Erikainen argues that this was largely due to the belief that women were weaker than men and, thus, would need some form of protection so that men wouldn\u2019t dominate them in competition. Although gender verification testing did not come about until 1968, the Olympics\u2019 belief in women\u2019s supposed weaker status has been apparent since the early years of the Olympic Games. Early letters surrounding the Olympics, such as the one from Godfrey Dewey approving women speed skaters to have shorter distances, provide insight into previous policies and rules regarding women\u2019s believed inferiority to men in sports.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The original use of gender verification was created to be used on cisgender women athletes in order to make sure that no one would have \u201can \u2018unfair\u201d physical advantage,\u201d as stated by Kathryn Henne in her article \u201cThe \u2018Science\u2019 of Fair Play in Sport: Gender and the Politics of Testing,\u201d and\/or was biologically male. This early form of gender verification testing by the IOC was referred to as the \u201cBarr Bodies\u201d test and involved searching for cells with more than one X chromosome, which would indicate a female athlete. This type of testing became a requirement and a standard for all female Olympic athletes to undergo but was not required for male athletes. This type of testing would change a few times before it became adapted and adjusted to accommodate transgender athletes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the article \u201cDoing Gender, Determining Gender: Transgender People, Gender Panics, and the Maintenance of the Sex\/Gender\/Sexuality System\u201d by Lauren Westbrook and Kristen Schilt, Transgender athletes largely went unnoticed in the national realm until 1977, which was the year that the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Dr. Renee Richards, a postoperative transgender woman, competing in the U.S. Women\u2019s Open Tennis Tournament; however, it wasn\u2019t until 2004 that a transgender individual could compete in the Olympics. October 2003 marks the date of the first Olympic policy regarding the participation of transgender athletes that would take effect at the following year\u2019s Olympic Games. Prior to this, the IOC largely viewed the ability of transgender athletes to compete on an individual basis; however, this never led to any transgender athlete participation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Winter Olympics Ski Jump 2018, Vyautas Dranginis, Unsplash, Public Domain<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

According to an explanatory note from IOC, this 2003 policy was \u201cthe result of an updating of the IAAF guidelines…with clear requirements\u2026added with respect to eligibility for competition under the new gender following sex reassignment after puberty.\u201d The IAAF, known today as World Athletics, stood for the International Amateur Athletic Federation and International Association of Athletics Federations and is an \u201cinternational governing body for the sport of athletics,\u201d as self-described on their website. In 1990, Word Athletics was the first international sports group to address transgender athletes stating that those who had transitioned, being defined as undergoing a form of sex reassignment surgery, before puberty would be allowed to compete as their preferred gender while those who transitioned after puberty would be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As previously stated, this idea of reviewing transgender athletes on a case-by-case basis was largely the approach that the IOC took until World Athletics, formerly known as the IAAF, updated their policies regarding transgender athletes. It was this change in policies that led the IOC to discuss what requirements would need to be met in order for a transgender athlete to compete in the Olympics. Through a meeting in Stockholm, an ad-hoc committee convened by the IOC Medical Commission came up with the following conditions for transgender participation in the Olympics:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Screenshot of the IOC\u2019s 2003 policy, \u201cStatement of The Stockholm Consensus On Sex Reassignment In Sports\u201d<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

It also states that \u201celigibility should begin no sooner than two years after gonadectomy,\u201d that is removal of testes and\/or ovaries, and that medical testing will be done if an athlete\u2019s gender is questioned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This policy remained untouched until 2012 when the IOC added a hormone criterion, which would dictate the testosterone level of those competing in the female category. The purpose of this was to make sure that the testosterone level of women athletes was not higher than what they viewed as \u201cnatural\u201d alongside giving the IOC a way to continue to \u201cincorporate trans and intersex athletes\u2026without challenging the premise that modern competitive athletics rests on: the presumption that there are two genders and all athletes must be put into one of those two categories for competition,\u201d as stated by Westbrook and Schilt. This change largely did not impact transgender athletes as much as it did cisgender athletes, as the 2003 policy for transgender participation in the Olympics already indirectly would result in the lowering of transwomen\u2019s testosterone levels to the same levels as the average cisgender women.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2015 would mark the year that the first official transgender policy update took place. In 2015, Kristen Worley, a transgender Canadian cyclist, sued the IOC over their requirement for transgender athletes to have to undergo a sex reassignment surgery, specifically genital reassignment surgery, to compete. She argued that those rules were in violation of her rights and were unnecessary in relation to her ability to compete. Although Worley wouldn\u2019t officially win her case until 2017, the IOC revisited its original 2003 policy and revised it to remove the requirement of sex reassignment surgery. This new 2015 policy lists the following conditions for transgender athlete participation:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Screenshot of the IOC\u2019s 2015 policy, \u201cIOC Consensus Meeting on Sex Reassignment and Hyperandrogenism November 2015\u201d<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Screenshot of the IOC\u2019s 2015 policy, \u201cIOC Consensus Meeting on Sex Reassignment and Hyperandrogenism November 2015\u201d<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

This new policy differs from the original 2003 policy in that, rather than requiring any form of sex reassignment surgery, these new criteria only require a transwoman\u2019s testosterone levels to be within a certain range in order to participate in the Olympics. Additionally, while the 2003 policy was applicable to both transmen and transwomen athletes, this new policy completely removes all restrictions regarding transmen\u2019s participation.  The policy also states that if an athlete is \u201cnot eligible for female competition the athlete should be eligible to compete in male competition.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This new 2015 policy is the result of two things previously discussed already: the 2012 policy update and the reoccurring belief in women\u2019s inferiority to men in sports. Since the 2012 addition to the 2003 policy already established hormones as a valid method of determining which category an athlete is to compete in, this new updated policy only had to further define what range transgender women\u2019s testosterone had to be in to compete. Alongside that, given that the purpose of requiring sex reassignment surgery was to lessen a transwomen\u2019s testosterone levels, this policy does not reflect a massive change in requirements. It just deemed, due to the increase in scientific knowledge about the transgender community and transgender bodies as well as Worley\u2019s case, sex reassignment surgery as largely unnecessary given that the same results can be achieved solely through hormone replacement therapy. What it did do, however, is demonstrate progress in terms of the IOC listening to transgender athletes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Again, although this policy reflects listening and progress, it also reflects the belief in \u201cfemale\u201d athletes\u2019 supposed inferiority to men. Erikainen argues that transgender men were directly stated as having no restrictions when it comes to their ability to compete in the Olympics due to those with XX chromosomes being deemed as naturally weaker and, therefore, not requiring any restrictions in order to compete against \u201cstronger\u201d cisgender men. According to this 2015 policy, transgender men do not even need to declare that they identify as men. It also is important to note that there is no testosterone maximum listed for transgender men who wish to compete in the men\u2019s category.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This brings us to the most recent change in transgender policies, which was put out in 2021 just before the 2022 Winter Olympics. This policy was three years in the making and was largely created in response to the increasing number of anti-transgender individuals in sports bills being passed at lower levels of competition as argued by Britni De La Cretaz in her article \u201cThe IOC Has a New Trans-Inclusion Framework, but Is the Damage Already Done.\u201d Given that the IOC is such a major sports organization, many lower-level sports groups look up to them and their policies when making their own decisions about things, such as the requirements for transgender athletes to compete. Additionally, De La Cretaz argues that given that there is a history of cisgender women, as well as transgender women, being deemed ineligible to compete due to their natural testosterone levels, the IOC was further motivated to pass such a policy to lessen the policing of women\u2019s bodies in sports.  Nonetheless, although the policy was created to benefit both transgender and cisgender women alike, it created many debates regarding the \u201cunnatural advantage\u201d that it would create in favor of transgender athletes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This policy brought on quite a bit of controversy due to it stating that the IOC is \u201cnot in a position to issue regulations that define eligibility criteria for every sport\u201d as well as advocating for the inclusion of transgender athlete participation. The most \u201ccontroversial\u201d points made in this new policy, which spans 6 pages and therefore cannot be discussed at length here, are regarding the eligibility of transgender women athletes to compete against cisgender women athletes without specific criteria stated. Rather than dictate exactly what requirements transgender women must meet in order to compete, the IOC has left that decision up to those in charge of various sporting systems and events. It also states that transgender athletes should be allowed to compete as their preferred gender and that they should not be assumed to have an unfair advantage over other athletes without evidence. It also states that athletes should not be forced to \u201cundergo medically unnecessary procedures or treatment to meet eligibility criteria,\u201d as stated in their 7th<\/sup> Principal regarding the \u201cPrimacy of Health and Body Autonomy.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

An important note regarding this policy is that it is NOT legally binding in any way. It doesn\u2019t necessarily change how the Olympics will handle transgender athletes in the future and, given that this policy is quite recent, it is unknown exactly how it will impact other sporting competitions, if at all. Regardless, this new policy makes it very clear that the IOC supports its transgender athletes and recognizes that transgender women do not automatically have an advantage over their cisgender athlete counterparts. Additionally, it condemns the use of invasive examinations that have been used on both cisgender and transgender women athletes\u2019 bodies in order to determine if they are \u201cwomen enough\u201d to compete in the female sports categories. LGBT activists stress the importance of the IOC following these new guidelines with strict implementation of the beliefs that are stated in this new policy; however, they also recognize that this policy will create a good steppingstone to battle the anti-trans sports bills that have been increasing in the recent months.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Although this 2021 policy has been well received by many individuals, to say that it has not been met with hostility by Olympic and other professional athletes would be incorrect. Veronika Stepanova, a Russian cross-country skiing Olympian, and Erik Schinegger, an Intersex skiing champion, are two individuals who were very open about their opposition to such a policy. Both of these winter athletes argue that the IOC would allow transgender women to compete against cisgender women without having to reduce their testosterone and, therefore, would lead to both men pretending to be women in order to win Olympic medals and transgender women beating cisgender women with their \u201cunfair advantage,\u201d that advantage being testosterone. This argument is common among those that are in opposition to this new policy, but it fails to recognize that the policy itself is, again, not legally binding and does not state how the IOC will handle future transgender Olympic athletes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 This policy has opened the door for increased participation by transgender athletes in the Olympics and other sporting competitions but also has raised questions as to how these ideas will be implemented in future Olympic games. Additionally, this new policy does not cover transgender athletes, such as the first openly nonbinary American Winter Olympic athlete Timothy LeDuc, who do not identify as either binary gender. LeDuc came out publicly as nonbinary in the year prior to the 2022 Winter Olympic Games and has since become the first transgender athlete to compete in any Winter Olympic Games. Their ability to participate has largely been a result of the increased awareness around various LGBT identities, as well as these constantly changing transgender policies. Although non-binary individuals still must compete in a very binary-sexed competition, policies such as the new 2021 IOC policy regarding transgender athletes open the door for the increased inclusion of both binary and nonbinary transgender athletes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bibliography<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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De La Cretaz, Britni. \u201cThe IOC Has a New Trans-Inclusion Framework, but Is the Damage Already Done?\u201d Sports Illustrated. Sports Illustrated, March 23, 2022. https:\/\/www.si.com\/olympics\/2022\/03\/23\/transgender-athletes-testosterone-policies-ioc-<\/a> framework.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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TEGNA, Associated Press. \u201cTimothy Leduc Becomes 1st Openly Nonbinary US Winter Games Athlete.\u201d KUSA.com, February 18, 2022. https:\/\/www.9news.com\/article\/sports\/olympics\/timothy-leduc-first-openly-nonbinary-us-winter-games-athlete\/507-01dd1d96-bd84-4717-999f-a3d72b3a3705#:~:text=Timothy%20LeDuc%20becomes%201st%20openly,Friday%2C%20they%20made%20Olympic%20history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Westbrook, Laurel, and Kristen Schilt. \u201cDoing Gender, Determining Gender: Transgender People, Gender Panics, and the Maintenance of the Sex\/Gender\/Sexuality System.\u201d Gender and Society<\/em> 28, no. 1 (2014): 32\u201357. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/43669855<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWorld Athletics: About World Athletics.\u201d worldathletics.org. Accessed April 19, 2022. https:\/\/www.worldathletics.org\/about-iaaf.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Despite the increasing belief of transgender athlete domination in sports, the two most recent Olympic games, the 2020 Summer Olympic Games and the 2022 Winter Olympic Games, were the first to have openly transgender athletes compete. Even with this being a recent development, the Olympics have allowed transgender athletes to compete since the early 2000s, … <\/p>\n

Continue reading “TRANSforming The Olympic Games: The Increased Inclusion of Transgender Athletes From 2003 Through the Present”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7854,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,12,11],"tags":[243,241,244,242,240,237,235,170,236,239,238],"ppma_author":[234],"class_list":["post-941","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-inclusion-and-diversity","category-legan-issues-and-doping","category-olympics-and-other-competitions","tag-bisexual","tag-gay","tag-gender","tag-lesbian","tag-lgbt","tag-non-binary","tag-olympic-games","tag-olympics","tag-transgender","tag-transman","tag-transwoman"],"authors":[{"term_id":234,"user_id":7854,"is_guest":0,"slug":"msterl5","display_name":"Miles Sterling","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/483c321f61bb16ba8c5cd2498f567c87349c6488abf5e558bea2a42c7fe5ca4b?s=96&d=mm&r=g","0":null,"1":"","2":"","3":"","4":"","5":"","6":"","7":"","8":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/scholarblogs.emory.edu\/historyofskiing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/941","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/scholarblogs.emory.edu\/historyofskiing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/scholarblogs.emory.edu\/historyofskiing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholarblogs.emory.edu\/historyofskiing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7854"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholarblogs.emory.edu\/historyofskiing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=941"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/scholarblogs.emory.edu\/historyofskiing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/941\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":951,"href":"https:\/\/scholarblogs.emory.edu\/historyofskiing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/941\/revisions\/951"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/scholarblogs.emory.edu\/historyofskiing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=941"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholarblogs.emory.edu\/historyofskiing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=941"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholarblogs.emory.edu\/historyofskiing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=941"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholarblogs.emory.edu\/historyofskiing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=941"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}