{"id":432,"date":"2014-06-11T23:35:49","date_gmt":"2014-06-11T23:35:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/scholarblogs.emory.edu\/postcolonialstudies\/?p=432"},"modified":"2017-06-03T02:17:54","modified_gmt":"2017-06-03T02:17:54","slug":"schreiner-olive","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scholarblogs.emory.edu\/postcolonialstudies\/2014\/06\/11\/schreiner-olive\/","title":{"rendered":"Schreiner, Olive"},"content":{"rendered":"

Biographical Overview<\/h3>\n
\"Image<\/a>
Image by Paul Venter\/Public Domain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

On March 24, 1855, Olive Emilie Albertina was born the ninth of twelve children to Gottlob and Rebecca Schreiner. Her German father and English mother, both missionaries in South Africa<\/a>, provided a household grounded in a strict Calvinist tradition. Gottlob Schreiner\u2019s failures in mission work as well as a number of businesses prompted chronic financial insecurity which led to the family\u2019s eventual disunion and, significantly, Schreiner\u2019s separation from her parents at the age of twelve. After studying at her brother\u2019s school in Cradock for three years, Schreiner began working as a governess, an occupation she pursued for eleven years. As a child, she exhibited her precocity, challenging her parents\u2019 deep religious devotion and the family\u2019s deep religious roots. Her intellect was further developed during her tenure as a governess, as she studied the works of a wide array of prominent Victorian intellectuals, wrote a considerable number of her own short stories, and began to develop her own social ideas\u2013ideas that would eventually brand her as a Victorian revolutionist. During her eight-year period as a governess, Schreiner saved enough to buy herself passage to England, where she hoped to study medicine.<\/p>\n

In 1881 Schreiner arrived in England, abandoned her initial aspirations of becoming a medical doctor because of her own poor health, and, for the second time, sought publication of her book,\u00a0The Story of an African Farm<\/em>. Chapman and Hall\u2019s acceptance of the novel in 1883 marked a landmark in Schreiner\u2019s career as a novelist and later as a social activist. The novel\u2019s immediate success, which persisted throughout her lifetime, provided her acceptance among a group of revolutionary and, at the time, infamous thinkers. Thereafter, Schreiner began to associate with a distinguished group of intellectuals, not only exposing herself to England\u2019s literary and intellectual elite, but introducing and expounding her own social ideas as well.<\/p>\n

She returned to South Africa in 1889 and met her husband, Samuel Cronwright, three years later. After meeting Cronwright and before the outbreak of the Anglo-Boer War in 1899, Schreiner suffered the loss of her first child (a tragedy that emerges prominently in her later fiction) and published a considerable number of fictional pieces as well as political essays. Schreiner\u2019s intellectual role escalated to that of an outspoken, often revolutionary political leader. Her political and literary work included tracts opposing\u00a0Cecil Rhodes<\/a>‘\u00a0colonialist activities in Africa as well as England\u2019s involvement in the Anglo-Boer War. Her political activism in the twentieth century included further polemical writing, her participation in women\u2019s suffrage groups, and a stalwart pacifistic stance against the outbreak of World War I.<\/p>\n

Undoubtedly, scholarly treatment of Schreiner\u2019s fiction during the last twenty years has undermined her political writings considerably. Quite simply, Schreiner\u2019s fiction lacks the straightforwardness of her political writing and reveals her own ambivalence towards native South Africans. As a result, criticism of her fiction ranges from sympathy to disdain. Whereas critics such as Joyce Avrech Berkman in\u00a0The Healing Imagination of Olive Schreiner<\/em>\u00a0provide relatively sympathetic frameworks, emphasizing the revolutionary and anti-imperialist nature of Schreiner\u2019s fiction, critics such as Anne McClintock in\u00a0Imperial Leather\u00a0<\/em>underscore Schreiner\u2019s negative representation of natives as indicative of an inherent contradiction, which blemishes the novelist\u2019s work. Regardless of such critical discourse, Schreiner\u2019s life and writing provide invaluable exposure to both the latter stages of the colonialist movement in South Africa and one vigilant woman\u2019s discourse, however ambivalent, against late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century imperialism, war, and oppression of women.<\/p>\n

A Chronology of Olive Schreiner<\/h3>\n

1855<\/strong>\u00a024 March: born at Wittebergen, Basutoland. Christened Olive Emilie Albertina, the ninth child of Gottlob Schreiner and Rebecca Schreiner n\u00e9e Lyndall, missionaries first sponsored in South Africa by the London Missionary Society.<\/p>\n

1866<\/strong>\u00a0Gottlob Schreiner declared insolvent. Family disperses.<\/p>\n

1867<\/strong>\u00a0Joins older brother Theo and attends his school at Cradock.<\/p>\n

1870<\/strong>\u00a0Works for cousin at Lily Hope, Avoca, in first position as a governess.<\/p>\n

1871<\/strong>\u00a0Meets free-thinking Willie Bertram at Hermon mission station. Reads his copy of Herbert Spencer\u2019s\u00a0First Principles<\/em>\u00a0which confirms her agnosticism. Her asthma attacks begin at around this time. Schreiner announces that she is to be called \u201cOlive,\u201d not \u201cEmilie\u201d any more.<\/p>\n

1872<\/strong>\u00a0Briefly engaged to Julius Gau, a representative of a Swiss insurance company, whom Schreiner met through the Robinsons\u2019 network of free-thinkers. Joins her older brother Theo and older sister Ettie at the diamond-fields at New Rush (later know as Kimberley). Teaches children of local diggers. Starts\u00a0Undine<\/em>\u00a0and short stories.<\/p>\n

1874<\/strong>\u00a0Purchases Ralph Waldo Emerson\u2019s\u00a0Essays<\/em>.<\/p>\n

1875<\/strong>\u00a0Undine<\/em>\u00a0nearly completed. Reading John Stuart Mill\u2019s\u00a0Logic<\/em>. Teaching at the Fouches at Klein Ganna Hoek farm near Cradock.<\/p>\n

1876<\/strong>\u00a0Father dies. Based at Ratel Hoek near Tarkastad. Reading Goethe and Montaigne.<\/p>\n

1879<\/strong>\u00a0Works for the Cawoods at Ganna Hoek. Early version of\u00a0African Farm<\/em>\u00a0complete.<\/p>\n

1880<\/strong>\u00a0Sends manuscript of\u00a0African Farm<\/em>\u00a0to the Browns in England. Publisher turns it down. Works on suggested revisions.<\/p>\n

1881<\/strong>\u00a0Travels to England. Enrolls as a nurse at Edinburgh Royal Infirmary but has to give up after several days because of ill-health. Seeks publisher for\u00a0African Farm<\/em>.<\/p>\n

1883<\/strong>\u00a0Chapman and Hall accept\u00a0African Farm<\/em>\u00a0on the recommendation of a reader\u2019s report by the eminent novelist, George Meredith. Published in two volumes in January, the novel proves as immediate success, and a second edition quickly follows. Fifteen editions will appear in Schreiner\u2019s lifetime.<\/p>\n

1884<\/strong>\u00a0Meets the sexologist Havelock Ellis and forms a very close friendship with him.<\/p>\n

1885<\/strong>\u00a0Participates in the radical Men and Women\u2019s Club convened by the free-thinking Karl Pearson, to whom Schreiner is strongly drawn. Meets the radical socialist and homosexual emancipationist Edward Carpenter through the Fellowship of the New Life. George Moore, Irish exponent of naturalism in the novel, proposes to her; Schreiner declines him.<\/p>\n

1886<\/strong>\u00a0Intellectual relationship with Pearson breaks down. Suffers mental and physical collapse. Leaves England for Europe. Still working on\u00a0From Man to Man<\/em>. Bryan Donkin, physician to many radical intellectuals, proposes to her; Schreiner declines him.<\/p>\n

1887<\/strong>\u00a0Seeks publisher for her collection of allegorical and visionary writings.<\/p>\n

1889<\/strong>\u00a0Meets the \u201cdecadent\u201d and \u201csymbolist\u201d poet and critic Arthur Symons. Returns to South Africa in October.<\/p>\n

1890<\/strong>\u00a0Begins series of periodical essays on South Africa (collected posthumously in 1923). Meets Cecil Rhodes in Cape Town.<\/p>\n

1891<\/strong>\u00a0Dreams<\/em>\u00a0published.<\/p>\n

1892<\/strong>\u00a0Meets Samuel \u201cCron\u201d Cronwright, an ostrich farmer. Working on further allegories, including \u201cThe Buddhist Priest\u2019s Wife.\u201d<\/p>\n

1893<\/strong>\u00a0Visits friends and family in England.\u00a0Dream Life and Real Life<\/em>\u00a0published.<\/p>\n

1894<\/strong>\u00a0Marries Cronwright. He, unusually, takes her name. Asthma attacks severe during summer months, forcing the newly-weds to leave for the better climate of Kimberley.<\/p>\n

1895<\/strong>\u00a0Baby dies shortly after birth. No less than six miscarriages will follow.<\/p>\n

1896<\/strong>\u00a0Publishes (with Cronwright-Schreiner)\u00a0The Political Situation<\/em>.<\/p>\n

1897<\/strong>\u00a0Travels to England to publish fictional attack on Rhodes,\u00a0Trooper Peter Halket of Mashonaland<\/em>.<\/p>\n

1898<\/strong>\u00a0Moves to Johannesburg.<\/p>\n

1899<\/strong>\u00a0Outbreak of second Anglo-Boer War. Publishes her pro-Boer anti-war tract,\u00a0An English South African\u2019s View of the Situation<\/em>, causing offense to her brother Will, Prime Minister of the Cape Colony.<\/p>\n

1900<\/strong>\u00a0Prominent in the women\u2019s protest movement in the Cape. Living under martial law in Hanover.<\/p>\n

1902<\/strong>\u00a0Working on\u00a0Woman and Labour<\/em>,\u00a0From Man to Man<\/em>, and several stories, including \u201cEighteen -Ninety-Nine.\u201d<\/p>\n

1903<\/strong>\u00a0Her mother, a Roman Catholic convert, dies.<\/p>\n

1906<\/strong>\u00a0Publishes pamphlet,\u00a0Letter on the Jew<\/em>.<\/p>\n

1908<\/strong>\u00a0Supports South African federation. Letter on women\u2019s suffrage appears in Cape Times.<\/p>\n

1909<\/strong>\u00a0Publishes\u00a0Closer Union<\/em>\u00a0in London. Supports Mahatma Gandhi\u2019s satyagraha movement.<\/p>\n

1911<\/strong>\u00a0Publishes\u00a0Woman and Labour<\/em>\u00a0in London.<\/p>\n

1913<\/strong>\u00a0Vice-President of Women\u2019s Enfranchisement League at Kalk Bay. Resigns because the League wants only white women to vote. Sails for England.<\/p>\n

1914<\/strong>\u00a0Schreiner traveling in Germany at the outbreak of the First World War. Goes to London. Begins work on pacifist tract,\u00a0The Dawn of Civilisation<\/em>\u00a0(fragments published posthumously in\u00a0Stories, Dreams, and Allegories<\/em>.<\/p>\n

1916<\/strong>\u00a0Publishes pacifist propaganda in\u00a0Labour Leader<\/em>.<\/p>\n

1919<\/strong>\u00a0Suffering from depression.<\/p>\n

1920<\/strong>\u00a0Cronwright-Schreiner travels to England after separation of five years. Returns to South Africa. Olive dies of heart failure on 10 December at Wynberg.<\/p>\n

1923<\/strong>\u00a0Stories, Dreams, and Allegories<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0Thoughts on South Africa<\/em>\u00a0published.<\/p>\n

1924<\/strong>\u00a0Cronwright-Schreiner edits\u00a0The Life of Olive Schreiner<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0The Letters of Olive Schreiner 1870-1920<\/em>.<\/p>\n

1926\u00a0<\/strong>From Man to Man<\/em>\u00a0published.<\/p>\n

1929<\/strong>\u00a0Undine<\/em>\u00a0published.<\/p>\n

Bibliography<\/h3>\n

Primary Texts<\/h4>\n
    \n
  • Barash, Carol L., ed.\u00a0An Olive Schreiner Reader<\/em>. London: Routledge and K. Paul, 1987.<\/li>\n
  • Draznin, Yaffa Claire, ed.\u00a0My Other Self: The Letters of Olive Schreiner and Havelock Ellis<\/em>. New York: Peter Lang, 1992.<\/li>\n
  • Krige, Uys, ed.\u00a0Olive Schreiner: A Selection<\/em>. New York: Oxford UP, 1968.<\/li>\n
  • Schreiner, Olive.\u00a0A Track to the Water\u2019s Edge<\/em>. New York: Harper & Row, 1973.<\/li>\n
  • \u2014.\u00a0Dream Life and Real Life<\/em>. London: T. F. Unwin, 1893.<\/li>\n
  • \u2014.\u00a0Dreams<\/em>. Boston: Little, 1910.<\/li>\n
  • \u2014.\u00a0Letters<\/em>. 5 vols. Ed. Richard Rive. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988.<\/li>\n
  • \u2014.\u00a0The Letters of Olive Schreiner<\/em>. Ed. S. C. Cronwright- Schreiner. Westport: Hyperion Press, 1976.<\/li>\n
  • \u2014.\u00a0From Man to Man<\/em>. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1927.<\/li>\n
  • \u2014.\u00a0So Then There Are Dreams<\/em>. New York: The Roycroft Shop, 1901.<\/li>\n
  • \u2014.\u00a0Thoughts on South Africa<\/em>. New York: F. A. Stokes, 1923.<\/li>\n
  • \u2014.\u00a0Trooper Peter Halket of Mashonaland<\/em>. Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1897.<\/li>\n
  • \u2014.\u00a0Undine<\/em>. New York: Johnson Reprint Company, 1972.<\/li>\n
  • \u2014.\u00a0Woman and Labor<\/em>. New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1911.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Secondary Materials<\/h4>\n
      \n
    • Albinski, Nan Bowman. \u201c\u2018The Law of Justice, of Nature, and of Right: \u2018Victorian Feminist Utopias.\u201d\u00a0Feminism, Utopia, and Narrative<\/em>. Ed. Libby Falk Jones, et al. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1990.<\/li>\n
    • Barash, Carol L. \u201cVirile Womanhood: Olive Schreiner\u2019s Narratives ofa Master Race.\u201d\u00a0Speaking of Gender<\/em>. Ed. Elain\u00a0Showalter. New York: Routledge, 1989.<\/li>\n
    • Barsby, Christine. \u201cOlive Schreiner: Towards a Redefinition of Culture.\u201dPretexts<\/em>\u00a01.1 (1989): 18-39.<\/li>\n
    • Beeton, D. R.\u00a0Facets of Olive Schreiner<\/em>. Craighall: Donker, 1987.<\/li>\n
    • Berkman, Joyce Avrech.\u00a0The Healing Imagination of Olive Schreiner: Beyond South African Colonialism<\/em>. Amherst: U of Massachusetts P, 1989.<\/li>\n
    • Bolin, Bill. \u201cOlive Schreiner and the Status Quo.\u201d\u00a0Unisa English Studies<\/em>\u00a031.1 (1993): 4-8.<\/li>\n
    • Bradford, Helen. \u201cOlive Schreiner\u2019s Hidden Agony: Fact, Fiction and Teenage Abortion.\u201d\u00a0Journal of South African Studies<\/em>\u00a021.4 (1995):623-41.<\/li>\n
    • Burdett, Carolyn.\u00a0Olive Schreiner: Hidden Motives<\/em>. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1995.<\/li>\n
    • Clayton, Cherry. \u201cForms of Dependence and Control in Olive Schreiner\u2019s Fiction.\u201d\u00a0Olive Schreiner and After<\/em>. Ed. Malvern vanWyk Smith, et al. Capetown: David Philip, 1983.<\/li>\n
    • \u2014. \u201cOlive Schreiner: Life into Fiction.\u201d\u00a0English in Africa<\/em>\u00a012.1 (1985): 29-39.<\/li>\n
    • \u2014. \u201cOlive Schreiner: Paradoxical Pioneer.\u201d\u00a0Women and Writing in South Africa: A Critical\u00a0Anthology<\/em>. Ed. Cherry Clayton. Marshalltown: Heinemann Southern Africa, 1989.<\/li>\n
    • \u2014. \u201cWomen Writers and the Law of the Father: Race and Gender in the Fiction of Olive Schreiner, Pauline Smith and Sarah Gertrude Millin.\u201d\u00a0English Academy Review<\/em>\u00a07 (1990): 99-117.<\/li>\n
    • Coetzee, J. M. \u201cFarm Novel and Plaasroman in South Africa.\u201d\u00a0English in Africa\u00a0<\/em>13.2 (1986): 1-19.<\/li>\n
    • Cronwright-Schreiner, S. C.\u00a0The Life of Olive Schreiner<\/em>. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company,\u00a01924.<\/li>\n
    • Davenport, Rodney. \u201cOlive Schreiner and South African Politics.\u201dOlive Schreiner and After<\/em>. Ed.\u00a0Malvern van Wyk Smith, et al. Capetown: David Philip, 1983.<\/li>\n
    • Donaldson, Laura E. \u201c(ex)Changing (wo)Man: Towards a Materialist-Feminist Semiotics.\u00a0Cultural Critique<\/em>\u00a011 (1988- 89): 5-23.<\/li>\n
    • First, Ruth.\u00a0Olive Schreiner<\/em>. New York: Schocken Books, 1980.<\/li>\n
    • Gorak, Irene E. \u201cOlive Schreiner\u2019s Colonial Allegory:\u00a0The Story of an African Farm<\/em>.\u201d\u00a0Ariel<\/em>\u00a023.4 (1992): 53-72.<\/li>\n
    • Horton, Susan R.\u00a0Difficult Women, Artful Lives: Olive Schreiner and Isak Dinesen<\/em>. Baltimore:\u00a0Johns Hopkins UP, 1995.<\/li>\n
    • Jacob, Susan. \u201cSharers in a Common Hell: The Colonial Text in Schreiner, Conrad, and Lessing.\u201d\u00a0The Literary Criterion<\/em>\u00a023.4 (1988): 84-92.<\/li>\n
    • Lenta, Margaret. \u201cRacism, Sexism, and Olive Schreiner\u2019s Fiction.\u201dTheoria<\/em>\u00a070 (1987): 15-30.<\/li>\n
    • Lerner, Laurence. \u201cOlive Schreiner and the Feminists.\u201d\u00a0Olive Schreiner and After<\/em>. Ed. Malvern van Wyk Smith, et al. Capetown: David Philip, 1983.<\/li>\n
    • McClintock, Anne.\u00a0Imperial Leather<\/em>. New York: Routledge, 1995.<\/li>\n
    • McMurry, Andrew. \u201cFigures in a Ground: An Ecofeminist Study of Olive Schreiner\u2019s The Story of an African Farm.\u201d\u00a0English Studies in Canada<\/em>\u00a020.4 (1994): 431-48.<\/li>\n
    • Monsman, Gerald. \u201cOlive Schreiner\u2019s Allegorical Vision.\u201d\u00a0Victorian Review<\/em>\u00a018.2 (1992): 49-62.<\/li>\n
    • \u2014. \u201cOlive Schreiner: Literature and the Politics of Power.\u201d\u00a0Texas Studies in Literature and\u00a0Language<\/em>\u00a030.4 (1988): 583- 610.<\/li>\n
    • \u2014.\u00a0Olive Schreiner\u2019s Fiction: Landscape and Power<\/em>. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1991.<\/li>\n
    • \u2014. \u201cWriting the Self on the Imperial Frontier: Olive Schreiner and the Stories of Africa.\u201d\u00a0Bucknell Review<\/em>\u00a037.1 (1993): 134-55.<\/li>\n
    • Paxton, Nancy L. \u201cThe Story of an African Farm<\/em>\u00a0and the Dynamics of Woman-to-Woman Influences.\u201d\u00a0Texas Studies in Literature and Language<\/em>\u00a030.4 (1988): 562-82.<\/li>\n
    • Pechey, Graham. \u201cThe Story of an African Farm<\/em>: Colonial History and the Discontinuous Text.\u201d\u00a0Critical Arts<\/em>\u00a03.1 (1983): 65- 78.<\/li>\n
    • Scherzinger, Karen. \u201cThe Problem of the Pure Woman: South African Pastorialism and Female\u00a0Rites of Passage.\u201d\u00a0Unisa English Studies<\/em>\u00a029.2 (1991): 29-35.<\/li>\n
    • Steele, Murray. \u201cA Humanist Bible: Gender Roles, Sexuality and Race in Olive Schreiner\u2019s\u00a0From\u00a0Man to Man<\/em>.\u201d\u00a0Gender Roles and Sexuality in Victorian Literature<\/em>.Ed. Christopher Parker.\u00a0Hants: Scolar, 1995.<\/li>\n
    • Winkler, Barbara Scott. \u201cVictorian Daughters: The Lives and Feminism of Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Olive Schreiner.\u201d\u00a0Critical Essays on Charlotte Perkins Gilman<\/em>. Ed. Joanne B. Karpinski. New York: G.R. Hall, 1992.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Author: Daniel Alig, Fall 1996
      \nLast edited:\u00a0May 2017<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Biographical Overview On March 24, 1855, Olive Emilie Albertina was born the ninth of twelve children to Gottlob and Rebecca Schreiner. Her German father and English mother, both missionaries in South Africa, provided a household grounded in a strict Calvinist tradition. Gottlob Schreiner\u2019s failures in mission work as well as a number of businesses prompted<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":326,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[3],"tags":[39,89,13,38,137,36,60,120,62],"class_list":{"0":"post-432","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-authors-and-artists","7":"tag-africa","8":"tag-england","9":"tag-feminism","10":"tag-gender","11":"tag-germany","12":"tag-religion","13":"tag-resistance","14":"tag-social-protest","15":"tag-south-africa"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paWL6U-6Y","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/scholarblogs.emory.edu\/postcolonialstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/432","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/scholarblogs.emory.edu\/postcolonialstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/scholarblogs.emory.edu\/postcolonialstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholarblogs.emory.edu\/postcolonialstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/326"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholarblogs.emory.edu\/postcolonialstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=432"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/scholarblogs.emory.edu\/postcolonialstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/432\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2832,"href":"https:\/\/scholarblogs.emory.edu\/postcolonialstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/432\/revisions\/2832"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/scholarblogs.emory.edu\/postcolonialstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=432"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholarblogs.emory.edu\/postcolonialstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=432"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholarblogs.emory.edu\/postcolonialstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=432"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}