Author: Carol Wilkins-Hall, Associate Director (EHSO)
As summer temperatures rise, the risk of heat-related illnesses increases for Emory University faculty, students, and staff. Whether you are working outdoors or in an indoor environment having temperatures in excess of 80°F, it is crucial to recognize the signs of heat stress and take preventive measures to stay safe.
Understanding Heat Stress
Heat stress, also known as heat exhaustion or heat-related illness, occurs when your body is unable to regulate its temperature properly in hot environments. It is a serious condition that can lead to heat stroke, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.
Heat stress typically results from a combination of high temperatures, humidity, and physical exertion, causing your body to lose its ability to cool down effectively. The spectrum of heat-related illnesses ranges from mild to severe. Heat rash, an itchy, red condition, occurs when sweat becomes trapped on the skin, while heat syncope manifests as dizziness or fainting caused by prolonged standing or sudden movement in hot conditions.
More concerning are heat cramps—painful muscle spasms resulting from excessive sweating and salt loss. These can progress to heat exhaustion, characterized by weakness, dizziness, heavy sweating, nausea, and rapid heartbeat. If left untreated, heat exhaustion can escalate to heat stroke, a life-threatening emergency where body temperature rises above 106°F, causing confusion, hot and dry skin, loss of consciousness, and potential organ failure. Heat stroke requires immediate medical attention.
Preventing Heat Stress
The most effective strategy against heat-related illnesses is prevention through careful planning and awareness. Acclimatization plays a vital role in this process. Your body needs time to adjust to heat gradually, especially if you’re new to hot environments. This adaptation is particularly important after an absence or illness, as heat tolerance can temporarily decrease.
Proper hydration is essential during hot weather. Experts recommend drinking 16-32 ounces of cool water per hour during heat exposure. Don’t wait until thirst signals dehydration—maintain consistent fluid intake throughout your time in the heat. It’s wise to avoid alcohol and caffeinated beverages, as they contribute to dehydration rather than combating it.
Your clothing choices significantly impact heat tolerance. Light-colored, loose-fitting, long-sleeved garments improve ventilation while protecting your skin from direct sun exposure. Wide-brimmed hats and sunglasses offer additional protection for your face and eyes. Don’t forget to apply sunscreen with SPF 15 or higher 15-30 minutes before sun exposure, reapplying every two hours to prevent sunburn, which impairs your body’s ability to regulate temperature.
Workplace Safety Measures
Supervisors and managers at Emory play a critical role in reducing heat-related risks. They should follow the Heat Stress Program (https://ehso.emory.edu/sso/documents/ehs-312-heat-stress-program.pdf) which includes several important protocols. Encouraging frequent breaks in shaded or air-conditioned areas allows the body to recover from heat exposure. Providing ample drinking water and promoting regular hydration helps maintain proper fluid balance.
Work schedules should be adjusted to avoid strenuous tasks during peak heat hours (between 10:00 a.m. and 4:00 pm), when temperatures are typically highest. All employees should be trained to recognize the signs and symptoms of heat stress, both in themselves and their colleagues. Additionally, supervisors should be aware that certain medications or medical conditions may increase heat sensitivity among team members.
What to Do in Case of Heat Stress
Despite preventive measures, heat-related incidents may still occur. If you or a colleague exhibit symptoms of heat stress, take immediate action. First, move to a cool, shaded area and rest to allow the body to recover. Hydrate with cool water if conscious and able to drink safely. Loosen or remove unnecessary clothing to help the body cool down more efficiently.
For severe symptoms such as confusion, vomiting, or loss of consciousness, seek medical attention immediately. These signs indicate potential heat stroke, which requires emergency care.
Stay Safe and Stay Cool
The Emory community can work together to prevent heat-related illnesses by taking proactive steps. Whether in a laboratory, an office, or outdoors, being mindful of heat stress hazards and applying these safety measures will help keep everyone healthy and productive throughout the summer months.